SENIOR SEMINAR


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Unit 1: Coming up with a suitable thesis research question and finding data to answer it (materials for the other course units are accessible from the course homepage).


Week
1: Introduction to the course

8/20: What will you be doing in this course? And some materials you will find useful during the term:

Do not print out or read too closely the materials listed immediately below, since there probably will be modest modifications to the assignment documents between now and when they are assigned (including changes to due dates). Nevertheless, the assignments are linked here so that you have a way to find all of the major assignments for the term in one place:

The course's big deliverables:

Thesis assignments:

Professional Development Assignments (these may be modified, so don't print them out ahead of time):

  • Prof. assignment 1: Your mentor meetings (Specifics and grade rubric will be distributed by email)

  • Prof. assignment 2: Using SPSS and interpreting its output (The workshop materials will be added to the PPT/Assignments folder when we get to that point in the term).

  • Prof. assignment 3: Preliminary presentation


Week 1,
8/22: What is a thesis, and what kind of topics work well for a thesis project given the time and resource constraints of this class?

Please do these reading/review assignments before we meet for class on Thursday:

  • In the PPT/Assignment file, there is a document that lists advice provided from several previous senior seminar classes on how to succeed and thrive in this class. Read through it and be prepared to comment on this advice in class. 

  • Read carefully: "Components of a Research Paper" (one page). Watch the video, too. Pro tip: On the gear icon at the bottom of the video player, increase the playback speed. For this speaker, 2x speed will work fine. I want you to be familiar with the concepts and definitions in the paper. Your thesis--and most social science articles--do not have a "literature review" section, but instead review the literature in the "front end" of the paper. 

  • Read: a research article that focuses on this question: "Do Political Science Majors Succeed in the Labor Market?" The password to unlock any encrypted documents you come across on my website is: icecream (most documents won't require a password unless they are copyrighted material or if they are an article I have under review at a journal). As you read, try to map the parts of this essay onto the "components" reading above. Note that one of the reasons why this article would not work as a traditional political science research paper is that it lacks any theory or hypotheses about why we would expect political scientists to "succeed" at rates that are lower or higher than students with other majors. 

  • Carefully review and print out so you have it handy as a reference guide: A handout on how use to make the most of Google Scholar.

  • Do Google Scholar searches on a couple of topics that strike you as potential research questions. Remember, your thesis topic will need to focus on public opinion (or elite opinion if you can find a suitable dataset for this) on an issue that is obviously relevant to your major. Students using this course for the INR capstone must focus on an international topic related to that major's coursework. Political scientists must focus on a topic that is clearly political or policy related.

In your Google Scholar searches, try supplementing your topic-specific search terms with "public opinion," "attitudes," "data" and "regression," and you probably will be find more research that uses statistical methods similar to what you will be using for your project.

Per the handout about Google Scholar linked above, you do not need to find an especially large number of articles on your topic to get your project going; start your work by finding just one or two journal articles that are highly relevant to your topic. Once you have a few great sources, you use Google Scholars' "cited by" and "related" searches for those articles.


Week 2
(classes on 8/27, 8/29--Identifying a suitable thesis topic and locating public opinion data for your project. 

Remember that you need to keep working on Thesis assignment #1 (which asks you to identify a potential research question or two); it is due electronically this coming Sunday at 10 pm (we will be talking about your topics the following class, so bring a hard copy of the paper to class to submit on Tuesday).

At the start of Tuesday's class, we will verify that you have the necessary technology in place as you begin to look at datasets for potential projects. It would be unusual if there aren't some small issues here and there, and it will be helpful to get any technological kinks worked out before you need to start using SPSS.

Please attempt to install and properly configured before Tuesday's class (i.e., this is part of your homework). This may take a while (or just a few minutes if all goes well and you already have Google Drive or the equivalent working on your computer).

  • Download and install SPSS on your personal computer (you need to be working on a Mac or PC). Important: if you already have a SPSS and a license on your computer from a previous semester, uninstall that program. You want to start with a fresh install and new license so that you have the latest version of SPSS and so your program license doesn't expire during the the semester.

    Why do you want to put this program onto your own computer? While you have access to SPSS on some university computers, you will find it much more convenient (and essential if you have to quarantine at any point) to run SPSS on your own laptop. HPU has a site license that will allow you to use an individual-version of the program on your own computer all semester at no cost.

    To install (or need to reinstall the program at some point after class), here are the instructions to download a copy of SPSS and then a 6-mo license from HPU’s IT office:

    • For both PCs and Macs, you download the program first and then the enter the license code. The fastest way to do this is to open the text file with the license code and copy that user-specific code before you download and install SPSS.

    • When you install the SPSS program, you will have to activate the license. When you get to this point in the installation process, check the option indicating that you have an "individual user" license. After a couple of clicks, you will paste your license code in (i.e., the one you copied earlier) and click the "add" button. From there, you may have to click through some more OKs to complete this process.

    • Once you are done installing SPSS, make sure you can open and run it. To do so, you will need to find and open it. It likely won't be on your programs dock/banner initially. For PC users, you can quickly find and open a program by using the search bar on the bottom banner. For Mac users, you can quickly find a program by clicking on the Spotlight icon (magnifying glass) in the top right-hand corner of your computer. To make things faster in the future, you could create an alias for your desktop

    • Once you have followed all of the directions above--including uninstalling and reinstalling SPSS if you previously had it on your computer, let Dr. Setzler know by email message if the program will not open. and run. For me to assist, I need to know what is happening--are you getting a specific error message? Also, I will need to know if you are using a PC or a Mac and what operating system you are using (i.e., Windows 10 or 11 for PC users or one of these for Mac users). 

    • Important!: For Mac users only: You need to quickly complete a set of one-time changes to SPSS for Mac's default settings so that your version of SPSS will look and act just like SPSS for PC. Important: You aren't changing any other program or your OS, just your SPSS settings. Open SPSS for Mac in its default mode, selecting the option to open "a new dataset," which opens a blank data editor window. From there, follow this link for instructions on making the necessary changes. Why are you being asked to change the program's defaults? Inexplicably, the default layout of SPSS for Mac looks quite a bit different from the PC version, and the default Mac settings lack SPSS options that are described in most textbooks, my screencast tutorials, and most instructional materials you will find online.

  • Ahead of class, also make sure that you are using a backup program so that you will save datasets, your thesis writing, and relevant research reports or articles both on your computer and on the cloud. Backing up your thesis work every time you invest time into your project is critical, and a failure to do so can result in a major setback.

    • For both PC and Mac users, I *strongly* recommend that you install Google Drive for Desktop and configure it so that you automatically sync and backup to the cloud all of the files in your computer's "Documents" folder every time you make changes to and save a file your computer. The main advantages of Google Drive over some other backup programs are cost related as well as the fact that you can automatically access multiple previous versions of a file instead of overwriting the only version of a backed up file every time you save it. Also, with Google Drive, you can download the previous version of a single file rather than resetting your whole computer back to a previous state. This ability to access the previous version of a file will be important if you ever make mistakes with a document or dataset and save the file to it before realizing what you have done. I can't stress enough how important it is that you have a place on the cloud where you are backing up your work and doing so in a way so that you can access an earlier version of files in case you make a major mistake and need to open a previous version of a file.

    • Here are instructions on how to download and install Google Drive for Desktop (includes instructions for both Windows and MacOS):
      https://support.google.com/a/users/answer/9967896

    • Also take a look at the instructions on this webpage regarding the steps you to need to take to configure Google Drive so that it will sync the folders and files in your "Documents" folder with the online version of Google Drive. When you configure Google Drive without purchasing additional cloud space (most of you won't need it), you will have a large, but limited, amount of free space to work with. If you are going to be using the free version of Drive, you have the option of syncing your documents folder without also backing up space-hogging photos and videos. You can have Google Drive and other backup programs running simultaneously, so use something else to back-up your photos and video if you are not going to pay for extra storage.

    • To verify the settings for Google Drive's for Desktop, you will need to open the program rather than the storage area. For a PC, you open Google Drive by clicking on the up arrow in the bottom-right corner of your computer, which will show you several different programs running in your computer's background. Select the triangle icon that is blue, green, and yellow. For a Mac, click on the Spotlight icon (it looks like a magnifying glass) in the top right-hand corner of your computer. Search for Google Drive. It should identify the program icon for you.

    • When you set up Google Drive's for Desktop's configuration, you want to "mirror" rather than "stream" files. Mirroring a file means that there will be a copy of your file stored on your computer and a second, synced-one on the cloud. To make sure you have this configured correctly, open the Google Drive for Desktop app. Click on the (1) gear icon and then (2) preferences and then (3) "Google Drive Folders from Drive" and check the "mirror files" option if it is not already checked. 

    • Once you using Google Drive and have it configured properly, create a folder for all of your senior seminar work in your computer's Documents folder. 

    • Finally, verify that Google Drive is configured so that it continuously backs up (i.e., syncs to the cloud) a copy of your entire documents folder or at least your senior-seminar-work folder. To tell Google Drive for Desktop to backup a specific folder, open the program. Click on the (1) gear icon and then (2) preferences and then (3) "My laptop" and then (4) "add folder" and then select the folder you want to back up. If you don't have a huge amount material saved in your documents file, just select the whole folder. At a minimum, back up the folders with your Research Methods work.


In class, the main focus of Tuesday's and Thursday's meetings is to start
looking at some of the websites where you can find datasets that can be used for thesis project. There is a lot of detail below, and you are *not* expected to be closely familiar with all of these websites. Instead, they are listed here so you have lots of resources available as you begin to look for data for your project. Pro-tip: Put the cart before the horse by using information about datasets to help you find a suitable topic rather than the reverse

  • Everyone should to this exercise ahead of class. Go to the main website for the Pew Center: https://www.pewresearch.org/

    • Take look at a couple of the most recent stories posted by Pew to get a sense of how the organization tells folks what they are doing with the public opinion surveys they are administering. Not every story focuses on public opinion data, so find a couple of those.
    • Next, go to the tab on top banner labeled "Research Topics," and then select the link for "Full topic list." Take a look at a couple of topics that seem interesting.
    • Now, go to tab on the top banner labeled, "Tools & Resources." Look at the resources for "Survey Question Search." Try a practice search in "International Questions." For example, check the box that will show results only from surveys that have been administered in Brazil and then search this term: polit (the partial word search will survey questions that included either political or politics)
    • Now, go back to tab on the top banner labeled, "Tools & Resources." Look at the section labeled "Dataset downloads." This is where you can find and download the public-use datatsets noted in many of the Pew articles you see on the website. IMPORTANT: Pew typically embargoes the release of new survey data for a least a year so its researchers can publish findings first. This section of the website will be the best place to start looking for a thesis topic using Pew data because the press releases in this section all refer to datasets that already are available.
    • If you are most likely to do a topic on American politics, the ATP (American Trends Panel) data is going to be a good place to start looking for a topic: https://www.pewresearch.org/the-american-trends-panel/.  This dataset has a number of unique advantages over

  • Pew has several research units that focus on topical areas. This is a great place to start if you are looking for data on specific groups or have no idea yet what you'd like to write you thesis on. If you are doing work on foreign countries, for example, you'll want to begin looking for thesis resources in the "Global Attitudes" unit. Take quick look at these Pew Center websites to get a sense about what kinds of topics the various research units at Pew are looking at:

    • Pew Research Center for the people and the press (domestic studies on issues other than those tackled by Pew's special units): https://people-press.org/

    • Data for other Pew research units, can be obtained by following this path: Tools and Resources -> Dataset Downloads -> Select Research Area

Because of the organization's quality, its hundreds of surveys, and the range of topics studied, most students will be encouraged to base their senior thesis on surveys previously administered by the Pew Foundation. However, if you happen to have a strong interest in areas outside of Pew's focus, there are many other options you can look at, including:

  • Some of you may be primarily interested in American politics questions and may have worked with ANES (American National Election Study) surveys in PSC 2019 (the ANES is one of the sample datasets used in the Pollock workbook). Like earlier editions, the 2020 ANES pools questions asked of the same respondents before and after the election. Its questionnaires and data can be accessed
    https://electionstudies.org/data-center/2020-time-series-study/ .

  • One particularly useful source for data on US politics is the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), which is administered every two years: https://cces.gov.harvard.edu/ . In addition to having a vast number of political questions, the standout feature of these datasets are their sample size: over 50,000 respondents. Because it has such large sample sizes, the CCES is the best source of American politics data to study specialized populations like US veterans or Evangelical Protestants when there is no group-specific survey available. Most surveys do not have large enough samples to look at groups that make up a small share of the US population.

  • Another great source of data for Americans' political behavior and thinking is the Voter Study Group surveys: https://www.voterstudygroup.org/ . They use large enough samples to study some groups that would not be well suited to a smaller Pew survey sample. They have over-sampled African Americans and Latinos, so this is a good place to start if you want to study American politics and examine (some) racial differences.

  • And yet another excellent source for survey data on American attitudes is the Public Religion Research Institute (https://www.prri.org/about/). They typically release datasets within a couple of years after each survey (see: https://www.prri.org/data-vault/) and are  particularly good source if you want to look at divisive social issues and politics. Locating their datasets is a pain because of the "Parc" filtering system they are now using for the "Data vault." To take a look at what datasets are available, follow the data vault page's search link. Using the "Parc" search engine, check just the search box for "projects." Then, put in a date range. Unfortunately, PRRI has started to take longer to release datasets, and sometimes they are releasing only partial datasets. That said, the Value Surveys datasets typically contain a large set of variables that could lead to interesting thesis projects.    

  • The other main source of data on political public opinion in Latin America is the Latinobarometer: https://www.latinobarometro.org (again, available at no cost). Although the Americasbarometer and LatinoBarometer have many of the same questions, some items--usually a battery of specialized questions for just one year--differ. Also, the LatinoBarometer is administered every year, while the Americasbarometer is fielded every two. If you want to compare the US or Canada to a Latin American country, only the Americasbarometer includes the US and Canada.

  • Similar data and resources are available at the Arab Barometer's website if you want to study citizens' views and behavior in the Middle East and North Africa: https://www.arabbarometer.org/.

  • And this is a major source for public opinion data on Europeans: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/. The European Values Survey is also a good place to find Europe-specific data: https://europeanvaluesstudy.eu/. The Values Survey includes countries in Eastern and Central Asia. 

  • The World Values Survey is the most widely used data for researchers looking a differences between counties over time, but you can also download datasets for specific countries: https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp. You can search "WVS" in a Google Scholar search to find articles published using the data or follow the links in the "Paper Series" menu to find research papers published by WVS researchers.


A second focus for Thursday's will be to go over the mechanics of downloading a dataset and its questionnaire to your computer. We'll also talk about how use SPSS to see whether you have a sufficient number of respondents for a study's independent and dependent variables

  • Before class (unless you have recently worked with SPSS), watch this screencast to get familiar with the basics of how SPSS works: This screencast reviews the very basics of how SPSS works and the layout of its different windows (10min, 31sec; or shorter if this is a review for you and so you set Youtube's settings to playback at 1.5x or 2x speed). If you don't remember much about SPSS's basic screen (data editor, syntax, and output) don't use 20 minutes of class time to go over a basic introduction to SPSS when you could be working and asking questions. For more detail, download this document that your instructor wrote summarizing the basics of starting to use SPSS.

  • Some key ideas to remember from class: As you start to work with a dataset that might work for your project, start off by running frequencies (analyze -> descriptive statistics -> frequencies) for each of the variables in which you are most interested to see how many observations there are for each value of a given variable.

Next, you split the dataset on a potential independent variable (Data -> split file -> compare groups -> move the variable you are interested into the analysis box -> hit "ok).

Pro-tip: if you know the name of your independent variable, it may be faster to find the one you are looking for, if you hover over the variable list and right-hand click (with a Mac, use control plus click). You will be given the option to show variables by their name or their longer label. Right-hand click again, and you can sort the variables alphabetically by name. 

Once you have told SPSS to run separate stats for each value of a variable, rerun a frequency for your dependent variable. This procedure will allow you see if different values of an independent variable (e.g., folks who belong to different parties) might be related to the distribution of the dependent variable (in class, we looked at how identifying with different parties had anything to do with how much a person thinks that being a "true" American requires supporting capitalism.

If you want to analyze a different independent variable, go back to the split file command and change out your grouping variable. You also can group multiple variables at a time if you want. So, for example, if you split the dataset by both gender and party, you can compare the distributions of women Republicans and male Republicans on some dependent variable.

Pro tip: Once you are done comparing groups, you need to go back to the split file command and select the option to "analyze all groups" or SPSS will keep providing results that are split into the different groups.

And one important note: This procedure works well if you have an independent variable with just a few categories. If you have a whole bunch of different groups, you may want to recode the independent variable into a series of dummy variables. 

Key ideas from the screencast, so you shouldn't need to watch it more than once:
  • Before you download a dataset from Pew or anywhere else, create and label a new folder on your computer where the original dataset, important survey materials, and your SPSS files will go. For reasons explained in class and earlier in the unit schedule, put this folder in your "documents" folder so that you can use Google Drive for Desktop to mirror and automatically sync the contents of that folder in the cloud.
  • Your professor finds it most handy to keep all of the files--previous research, drafts of papers, datasets, and syntax--in subfolders all located in the same place on his computer. However you decide to organize, make sure to create subfolders for each dataset you are working with, so you don't put all of your senior seminar materials into one, increasingly cluttered folder; if you do this, you will make it hard to find things or will accidentally end up deleting a file you need later on. Label all folders and files in a logical way so that you easily see what is what; when you collect background articles for your literature review, for example, relabel each article file so you have some sense about its author and topic and put these artciles into a separate subfolder labeled "articles."
  • Important!: Before you make any changes to your original dataset, carefully think through how you are going to organize the folders that contain your thesis and SPSS practice work. When you open, change, and save data files using syntax, you are writing code that tells SPSS exactly where on your computer to access and save files. If you manually move those files (e.g., decide to reorganize your thesis work folders or to consolidate different folders into a new folder), the pathways listed in your syntax will be wrong and the syntax will not run. If necessary, you can change the pathway information in your syntax, but you will save yourself time and frustration if you think through where you are going to put and keep your thesis work.
  • When you download datasets, make sure to also download at the same time the documents on their methodology as well as their questionnaires. If a "top-line" document is available, download it too, because it typically will include frequencies for most variables. Pew datasets typically include all of this information in a single, compressed folder, but many other organizations have the materials stored as separate files. You will need the questionnaire and methodology documents when you start to recode variables and to write the methods section for your study, so save yourself time and frustration later on by downloading them with your datasets.
  • Sometimes, survey datasets are only available in a format other than SPSS. If so, download the dataset in its original format even though it will not open on your computer because you don't have the stats program necessary to open these files. Instead, you will open the other-format file from within SPSS by going to File -> Import Data -> and then identifying the format of the data. Typically, publicly available survey datasets are available in either SPSS (*.sav) or Stata (*dta) format. If it is the later, you will just need to tell SPSS to import Stata data. 
  • Do not make any changes to the original copy of a dataset you have downloaded. The first thing you should do after downloading a dataset (and converting it to SPSS if necessary) is to make a copy of of the original SPSS file so you don't mess up the original by accident at some point and have to relocate it. Pro-tip: relabel your original dataset as *_original and your copy of that dataset as *_copy, so you can easily remember which is which.
  • After class, you can watch this screencast if you need more guidance on how to split a dataset on a independent variable so that you can see if there may be a relationship between it and a dependent variable, The screencast runs around 10min (shorter if you just need a refresher and increase playback speed to 1.75). The key ideas from the screencast were covered in class (as summarized above). In the screencast, the example shows how we can split a dataset by gender to look at whether men and women differ in their level of support for democracy as some previous research has suggested.


Week 3 (classes on 9/3, 9/5: Refining your research question and making sure that you can find, download, and save a working version of the dataset(s) your project will require.

Due Sunday, 9/1, by 10pm: Thesis assignment #1, which will identify and briefly describe one or more potential thesis topics. Follow the submission instructions carefully. This assignment is due on Sunday evening so that I can read through several examples of student work before we meet on Tuesday.


What are we doing this week?  Students will continue to refine their research questions, ideally narrowing their focus to one promising area. Your second major assignment, Thesis assignment #2 , will be due at the end of next week. It will ask you to describe your main research question in some detail, explain why the topic is interesting, and to offer some ideas about what you expect to find as you analyze one or more public opinion datasets to answer the question. By the end of this week, you should have located a dataset that you will be able to use in your research, cleaned up the dataset (i.e., removed variables and, if applicable, observations that have no connection to your project). You also should have started to explore in some detail what we already know about your topic using resources you are finding with the help of Google Scholar.

Our work this week also will involve beginning to work some with SPSS in class. We won't get too serious about recoding and creating variables yet; however, you need to (re)learn enough about SPSS this week to know how to download and prepare public opinion datasets for analysis.

There is a lot of detail listed below in this week's schedule. Keep in mind that I am using this space to summarize key information and resources for the course so that can find them as needed later in the term. You are *not* expected to be an expert on using SPSS to prepare a dataset for analysis by the end of the week; rather, this is the first time during the term that will be practicing with SPSS, so there are very detailed notes and screencast links here that you will be able to return to later on.

On Tuesday, we will talk about everyone's project ideas. Come to class prepared to tell everyone about the research question you think you may want to work on for your senior seminar. We will hear everyone's initial thoughts on a topic, and you will get feedback on what will work and what probably won't. This is meant to be a teaching-by-doing meeting, where the mistakes that students initially make when trying to elaborate a project will help to teach everyone in the class how to come up with a suitable topic. Coming up with a good topic for the first time is hard work because you don't know how to do what you haven't ever done before. Just focus on following directions and putting in your best effort.


Ahead of Thursday's class (unless you have recently worked with SPSS), watch this screencast to get familiar with the basics of how SPSS works: This screencast reviews the very basics of how SPSS works and the layout of its different windows (10min, 31sec; shorter if this is a review for you and so you set Youtube's settings to playback at 1.5x speed). Note that this video was made for a specific class a while back, so it will refer to a dataset that will be unfamiliar to you; the only content that you need to care about is the general information about how SPSS works. We will be reviewing this information many different times and in varying ways over the next month.

On Thursday, in class, we will be practicing with SPSS to prepare a dataset so you can effectively analyze it.  To complete the next thesis assignment, everyone will need to know: (1) download a dataset, (2) drop irrelevant variables from a dataset, and (3) if applicable to the specifics of your study, remove irrelevant observations from a dataset.

Below, there are two screencasts that you can use in the future as resource to reinforce what we will cover in class. It will make the most sense to watch these videos after class and only if you need to do so.

  • After class, watch this screencast if you need more guidance on how to create a smaller version of an SPSS dataset that keeps only some of the variables (and also how to recreate that dataset if you later discover you omitted variables you shouldn't have). The screencast runs a little under 13 minutes. Why do you need to know how to do this? If you don't take a few minutes now to learn how to create a truncated version of a dataset, every time you generate statistics for a project, you will have to scroll down through large amount of irrelevant information. And, if you are working with a dataset that has dozens of similarly named variables, working with the full dataset increases the likelihood of making mistakes in your coding and analysis. 

Key ideas from the screencast, so you shouldn't need to watch it more than once (if at all):

You can create the necessary code to make a small version of your dataset in two steps:

Step one:

  • Open the copy_ version of the full original dataset.

  • Use the FIle -> "Save As" command, and click your way to the destination folder where you want to save a smaller version dataset.

  • Do not hit the ok button--after you give this file a new name, you are going to use the Paste button to paste the code into a syntax file. We will add an additional line to this code in a minute.

  • Rename the file being saved so that you know it is a smaller version of the dataset. Dr. Setzler typically keeps the name of the original dataset, but adds *small_to the front end of the file. His system is to have original_, copy_, and now small_versions of the dataset.

  • Again, after you have renamed the file, use the Paste button to paste the code into a syntax file.

  • The last step will automatically open up a new syntax file and paste a command telling SPSS to save the small_version of the file. If you select and run that code, it will save the full dataset, and that's not what you want. You are going to want to tell SPSS to keep only some of the variables when you run that SAVE command. Before you modify your syntax to do that, take a minute and add a notation (starting with an asterisk so SPSS will grey out your note and not try to run it) explaining to your future self what this code does. This is a good time to remind yourself in the note that, "In order for this code to run in the future, you need to have the full copy_version of the dataset open." 

Step two:

  • Now, you want to manually change the syntax you just pasted, telling SPSS to save the _small file with just a subset of variables. To do this, type out  "/KEEP=" as a subcommand and then list of variables to your save command. The line of code that you add should look like what I have bolded here:

SAVE OUTFILE='C:\Users\msetzler\Google Drive\SeniorSemPrepDataset\AmerBarUS2018_working.sav'
/KEEP = Var1 Var2 Var3
/ COMPRESSED.

*Note that syntax lines that begin with a forward slash are subcommands. The ONE period for the full command goes at the very end of the command, which is after the last subcommand in this case.

  • Select just the SAVE code block (i.e., from SAVE OUTFILE through COMPRESSED.) and tell SPSS to run the selection. You can do this by green arrow in the commands icon options or by right-hand clicking and selecting run selection (on a Mac, holding the control button down while doing a touchpad tap is the equivalent of a right-hand mouse click).

  • Verify that you now have a _small.sav file in the folder where it is supposed to be. Open it up and make sure just the subset variables you need are there.

  • If all looks good, add two notes to the top of your syntax. Start notes in your syntax with an asterisk to SPSS will grey out the note and not treat it as code. SPSS sees a period as your indication that the note has ended. The first note should be a reminder to your future self that whenever you run this code, you will need to have the copy_ version of your full dataset open, and you will open this syntax file from within that dataset (File -> Open-> Syntax). The second note should be a quick reminder to yourself of what this syntax does.

  • Once everything is working and you have annotated your syntax, save the syntax file to the same folder as your datasets. Name it clearly so you can find it again in case you need to re-run it in the future.

  • These steps are important because you may need to add or drop additional variables in your small_ dataset at some point, To do so, all you will have to do is delete the current small_ dataset file, change the syntax as necessary to add new variables you want to keep, and rerun it. As you saw in the screencast, this quick step will recreate a modified small file that has only the variables you need.

  • If all looks good, close the syntax and all of the open datasets. Do NOT save any changes to the copy_ dataset if asked to do so. Going forward, you will be working only with that small datset.

Pro-tip from the screencast:

  • When editing the Keep= line, rather than copying variable names individually or typing them in manually, it is a lot faster and way less error-prone to create a list of variables to keep using a point and click command: Analyze->Descriptive statistics ->Descriptives->and then select all of the variable names you want to keep. Then, paste your descriptive  command into your syntax. Select just that code and run it (to run it, hit the green arrow button). 

  • If the output for the variables looks good (i.e., you got the right variables listed), then copy and paste the descriptives comman variables list into your /KEEP code line. 

One other pro-tip from the screencast:

  • When you are in the Descriptives selection window (or any command listing all of the variables), it is a lot faster to find the variables you are looking for if you right-hand click on the variables (Mac users need to press the command key and click at the same time) to first show variable names and then to sort those names alphabetically. This trick works in all of the menu's dialog windows where there is a long list of variable labels listed in whatever order they appear in the dataset.


  • After class, watch this screencast if your project is going only to analyze only a subset of a survey's respondents: Only some projects will require this step. For example, when students are using a Global Attitudes or a LatinoBarometer survey, they often only want to look at respondents from certain countries, and running statistics on the full dataset would return results for all of countries in the survey.
Key steps noted in the screencast:

(1) Open the copy_ version of your dataset

(2) File -> open -> syntax... and open the syntax file you used to create the small_ version of your dataset (the one where you have removed many variables).

(3) If your small_ dataset does not have all of the variables you will need to tell SPSS to keep only certain types of respondents, add those variables to your syntax and re-run it to recreate your small_ dataset.

(4) At the bottom of your syntax, make a notation, starting with an asterisk, indicating which types of observations you will be dropping

(5) With the copy_ version of the dataset open and the small_version closed, Point-click-paste: File -> Open -> Data -> and select but do not actually open the small_ version. Use the paste button to tell SPSS to paste the "GET" command into the bottom of your syntax. That syntax will tell SPSS to go get and open the small_ version of your dataset when run. The reason why this step is important is that you are going to be automating an SPSS command to get, open, and then change the small_version of the dataset rather than your full copy_version.

(6) Select and run the GET command you just pasted. Doing so will open the small_version of the dataset, And then close the copy_ version of your dataset. Again this is to make sure you don't change and save changes to the full version by mistake when you need to be modifying the small_ version only.

(7) Now, you can create the code that will keep only some observations. Use point-click-paste to work your way through the Data->Select Cases command. You will need to enter logical criteria specific to your needs in the "Select If" module and then hit continue. You then will need to tell SPSS to "Delete" all of the "unused cases." Remember to paste this code into your syntax.

(7) Now you need to automate the process of saving your small_ dataset everytime this full syntax file is run. To do so: Point-click-paste: File -> Save AS-> Data -> and select but do not open the small_ version. Paste this code into your syntax.

(8) Select and run the "Filter off" code all the way down to the end where you save the dataset. Take a look at the small dataset and make sure that it only has the variables and observations it is supposed to have.

(9) Save your revised syntax to write over the first version. Now, if you need to make changes in the future, you will just open this syntax from within the copy_ dataset,, make your edits, and re-run the syntax.

If all of this seems like a lot of work, you don't have to automate things as I suggest above and in the screencast. You could just create your small dataset with most of the variables removed and run a few lines of code on that dataset if you need to remove observations. If you do it this way, write and save the new code as a separate syntax file with a note that reminds you to make sure to run this block of syntax on any revised small_dataset you may need to recreate in the future.

Here's an example of what your syntax would look like if you wanted to only include respondents living in France, the UK, and the US (assuming the variable "country" is coded 17, 2, and 4) for French, British, and Americans, respectively:
*This code will drop any respondent who is not from one of those three countries.*
FILTER OFF.
USE ALL.
SELECT IF (country = 17 or country = 2 or country = 4).
EXECUTE.

*Here is a second example, but this time for the select line, let's use "AND" to tell SPSS to keep observations only if they meet two conditions (here, they are male Republicans):
SELECT IF (Party=2) AND (Male=1).

If we wanted to keep only males who were Republicans or Democrats (but not independents or other responses), the select line would look something like:
SELECT IF (Male=1) AND (Party=1) OR (Party=2) .

Important: If we have a key variable in our study and many respondents were not asked the relevant question, we want to delete all observations in the dataset that have "missing" data for that variable. If we don't do this, descriptive statistics for all of the other variables will analyze lots of respondents who will not be included in bivariate and multivariate analyses. In this example, I want to remove all respondents who did not answer a question about whether they support making public colleges free to attend because the relevant question was presented to only half of the people taking the survey:

*This code drops any respondent who has missing data on the variable "free_college_good"
FILTER OFF.
USE ALL.
SELECT IF (NOT MISSING(free_college_good)).
EXECUTE.

 

Week 4 (9/10, 9/12): Your out-of-class time during most of this week will be spent further refining your research question (i.e., completing Thesis Assignment 2, which is due this coming Sunday) and making sure that you have your project's dataset/s downloaded and ready to go. In class, we will go over what goes into a literature review and talk some about how to interpret regression models. 

  • Due Sunday, 9/15, by 10pm: Thesis assignment #2 , which will identify and briefly describe one or more potential thesis topics. Follow the submission instructions carefully. This assignment is due on Sunday evening so that I can read through several examples of student work before we meet on Tuesday. 

Before we meet on Tuesday, please do the following:

This particular article is being assigned for two reasons. First, the introduction of the paper provides you with a concrete example of what the introduction to a research paper should look like, giving you a concrete example of what you are aiming for as you complete Thesis Assignment 2. As you read, pay close attention to what our central research question is and how we are working a new question into a older literature.

You also are being asked to read this paper because it uses both ordinal linear regression and logistic regression. Before we start coding anything in class or go over statistics in any detail, it will be helpful if you have a review of regression so that you can better understand the scholarship you will be using to write the front end of your thesis.

In the version of the article I have posted for you, I have reworked the logistic regression models so that they report odds ratios, which are easier to interpret than the tables in the original article. As an exercise that will get us ready for what lies ahead into the course, we will practice interpreting the article's OLS (aka linear regression) and logistic regression results on Tuesday and probably some more on Thursday. 

Ahead of Thursday's class, you should continue to work on refining your topic so you can meet the Sunday deadline to submit a revised version of it.

  • Please make sure that you have contacted your thesis mentor to arrange a meeting this coming week (which will be week 5 of the term). The point of that meeting it so discuss your thesis topic how your review of the existing literature review on your topic area is going. You will need to provide your mentor with a copy of Thesis Assignment #2 ahead of the meeting.

  • As you are finishing up on that assignment, your attention should be beginning to shift to the next thesis assignment, which is extending your work so far in the class into "the front end" of your thesis.


Week 5 (9/17, 9/19): Most of your out-of-class time this week should be spent meeting with your thesis advisors and beginning to write the "front end" of your thesis (i.e., Thesis Assignment #3).

  • Thesis assignment #2 is due electronically by 10pm on Sunday (9/15). Bring a hard copy to Tuesday's class.

  • On Tuesday, we will talk about where everyone's project is after several weeks of working to narrow in on a doeable thesis topic. Come to class prepared to tell everyone about how things going with your project. You will get quick feedback on what will work and what probably won't. The goal of talking about our projects as a group is to introduce your colleagues to what you are doing, let you see who is doing similar work, and to highlight strengths and ares of concern in your preliminary work in ways that is intended to be helpful to one or more other students. 

  • Attending class on Thursday will be optional; I will be in the classroom if you would like guidance during class. Your instructor contact time this week ((or early next week) will be spent meeting individually with your thesis mentor.

  • As a reminder, your next thesis assignment will be due in a little less than two weeks. At the start of week 7 (Sunday, September 29), Thesis assignment #3 will be due. This assignment asks you to situate your research project into the social science literature, using previous research to explain why your topic is interesting, what already know about it, what we still need to know, and what you expect to find based on similar studies (or at least on related topics) previously published in peer-reviewed journals you have located with Google Scholar searches. Follow the assignment's instructions and submission guidelines carefully.

    If you would like to review HPU student-authored samples of what you are aiming for, take a look at the opening sections (i.e., up to the parts of the theses that begin to discuss their datasets and how variables were measured), here are two optional, but highly recommended examples: